Radio frequency emission  pattern shaping

ABSTRACT

Pattern shaping elements shape a radiation pattern generated by one or more antennas. A MIMO antenna system generates an omnidirectional radiation pattern. One or more pattern shaping elements may include metal objects which act as directors or reflectors to shape the radiation pattern. The shaping may be controlled by selectively coupling the pattern shaping elements to a ground plane, thus making them appear transparent to the radiation pattern. The pattern shaping elements may be amorphous, have varying shape, and may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Different configurations of selected pattern shaping elements may provide different shapes for a radiation pattern.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention generally relates to wireless communications and more particularly to changing radio frequency (RF) emission patterns with respect to one or more antenna arrays.

2. Description of the Prior Art

In wireless communications systems, there is an ever-increasing demand for higher data throughput and a corresponding drive to reduce interference that can disrupt data communications. For example, a wireless link in an Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 network may be susceptible to interference from other wireless access points and stations, radio transmitting devices in the vicinity of the network, and changes or disturbances in the wireless link environment between an access point and remote receiving node. In some instances, the interference may degrade the wireless link thereby forcing communication at a lower data rate. The interference may, in some instances, be sufficiently strong as to disrupt the wireless link altogether.

One solution is to utilize a diversity antenna scheme. In such a solution, a data source is coupled to two or more physically separated omnidirectional antennas. An access point may select one of the omnidirectional antennas by which to maintain a wireless link. Because of the separation between the omnidirectional antennas, each antenna experiences a different signal environment and corresponding interference level with respect to the wireless link. A switching network couples the data source to whichever of the omnidirectional antennas experiences the least interference in the wireless link.

Notwithstanding, many high-gain antenna environments still encounter—or cause—electromagnetic interference (EMI). This interference may be encountered (or created) with respect to another nearby wireless environments (e.g., between the floors of an office building or hot spots scattered amongst a single room). In some instances, the mere operation of a power supply or electronic equipment can create electromagnetic interference.

One solution to combat electromagnetic interference is to utilize shielding in or proximate an antenna enclosure. Shielding a metallic enclosure is imperfect, however, because the conductivity of all metals is finite. Because metallic shields have less than infinite conductivity, part of the field is transmitted across the boundary and supports a current in the metal. The amount of current flow at any depth in the shield and the rate of decay are governed by the conductivity of the metal, its permeability, and the frequency and amplitude of the field source.

With varying locations of devices communicating with omnidirectional antennas and the varied electromagnetic interference in most environments, it is desirable to have control over an emitted radiation pattern to focus the radiation pattern where it would be most useful.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The presently claimed invention utilizes pattern shaping elements for shaping a radiation pattern generated by one or more antennas. A MIMO antenna system generates an omnidirectional radiation pattern. One or more pattern shaping elements may include metal objects which act as directors or reflectors to shape the radiation pattern. The shaping may be controlled by selectively coupling the pattern shaping elements to a ground plane, thus making them appear transparent to the radiation pattern. The pattern shaping elements may be amorphous, have varying shape, and may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Different configurations of selected pattern shaping elements may provide different shapes for a radiation pattern.

An embodiment of a wireless device may include an antenna array, a plurality of pattern shaping elements, and plurality of connecting elements. An antenna array comprising a plurality of antenna elements may generate a substantially omnidirectional radiation pattern. Each connecting elements may connect one or more pattern shaping elements to a ground. Each of the pattern shaping elements connected to ground may cause a change in the substantially omnidirectional radiation pattern generated by the antenna array.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless MIMO antenna system having multiple antennas and multiple radios.

FIG. 2 illustrates a horizontally polarized antenna member pair for mounting on a printed circuit board.

FIG. 3 illustrates a vertically polarized antenna member pair for mounting on a printed circuit board.

FIG. 4 illustrates a configuration of pattern shaping elements.

FIG. 5 illustrates a top view of a printed circuit board with an arrangement of antennas and pattern shaping elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present invention use metal objects as pattern shaping elements for shaping a radiation pattern generated by one or more antennas. A MIMO antenna array generates an omnidirectional radiation pattern. One or more pattern shaping elements may act as directors or reflectors to shape the radiation pattern. The shaping may be controlled by selectively coupling the pattern shaping elements to a ground plane, thus making them appear transparent to the radiation pattern. The pattern shaping elements may be amorphous, vary in shape, symmetrical or asymmetrical, and varying heights and widths. The pattern shaping elements may be selected in different configurations to provide different shaping for a radiation pattern.

FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless MIMO antenna system having multiple antennas and multiple radios. The wireless MIMO antenna system 100 may be representative of a transmitter and/or a receiver such as an 802.11 access point or an 802.11 receiver. System 100 may also be representative of a set-top box, a laptop computer, television, Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) card, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone, or handheld gaming device.

Wireless MIMO antenna system 100 may include a communication device for generating a radio frequency (RF) signal (e.g., in the case of transmitting node). Wireless MIMO antenna system 100 may also or alternatively receive data from a router connected to the Internet. Wireless MIMO antenna system 100 may then transmit that data to one or more of the remote receiving nodes. For example, the data may be video data transmitted to a set-top box for display on a television or video display.

The wireless MIMO antenna system 100 may form a part of a wireless local area network (e.g., a mesh network) by enabling communications among several transmission and/or receiving nodes. Although generally described as transmitting to a remote receiving node, the wireless MIMO antenna system 100 of FIG. 1 may also receive data subject to the presence of appropriate circuitry. Such circuitry may include but is not limited to a decoder, down conversion circuitry, samplers, digital-to-analog converters, filters, and so forth.

Wireless MIMO antenna system 100 includes a data encoder 101 for encoding data into a format appropriate for transmission to the remote receiving node via the parallel radios 120 and 121 illustrated in FIG. 1. While two radios are illustrated in FIG. 1, additional radios or RF chains may be utilized. Data encoder 101 may include data encoding elements such as direct sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) encoding mechanisms to generate baseband data streams in an appropriate format. Data encoder 101 may include hardware and/or software elements for converting data received into the wireless MIMO antenna system 100 into data packets compliant with the IEEE 802.11 format. Such software elements may be embedded in memory or other non-transitory computer readable storage media and coupled to appropriate processing components. In some instances, the appropriate conversion elements may be implemented in the context of a hardware element such as an application specific processor.

Radios 120 and 121 as illustrated in FIG. 1 include transmitter or transceiver elements configured to upconvert the baseband data streams from the data encoder 101 to radio signals. Radios 120 and 121 thereby establish and maintain the wireless link. Radios 120 and 121 may include direct-to-RF upconverters or heterodyne upconverters for generating a first RF signal and a second RF signal, respectively. The first and second RF signals are generally at the same center frequency and bandwidth but may be offset in time or otherwise space-time coded.

Wireless MIMO antenna system 100 further includes a circuit (e.g., switching network) 130 for selectively coupling the first and second RF signals from the parallel radios 120 and 121 to an antenna apparatus 140 having multiple antenna elements 140A-H. Antenna elements 140A-H may include individually selectable antenna elements such that each antenna element 140A-H may be electrically selected (e.g., switched on or off). By selecting various combinations of the antenna elements 140A-H, the antenna apparatus 140 may form a “pattern agile” or reconfigurable radiation pattern. If certain or substantially all of the antenna elements 140A-H are switched on, for example, the antenna apparatus 140 may form an omnidirectional radiation pattern. Through the use of MIMO antenna architecture, the pattern may include both vertically and horizontally polarized energy, which may also be referred to as diagonally polarized radiation. Alternatively, the antenna apparatus 140 may form various directional radiation patterns, depending upon which of the antenna elements 140A-H are turned on.

The RF within circuit 130 may be PIN diodes, gallium arsenide field-effect transistors (GaAs FETs), or virtually any RF switching device. The PIN diodes comprise single-pole single-throw switches to switch each antenna element either on or off (i.e., couple or decouple each of the antenna elements to the radio radios 120). A series of control signals may be applied via a control bus 155 to bias each PIN diode. With the PIN diode forward biased and conducting a DC current, the PIN diode switch is on, and the corresponding antenna element is selected. With the diode reverse biased, the PIN diode switch is off. In some embodiments, one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs) may be included in the coupling network as a visual indicator of which of the antenna elements is on or off. An LED may be placed in circuit with the PIN diode so that the LED is lit when the corresponding antenna element is selected.

Further, the antenna apparatus may include switching at RF as opposed to switching at baseband. Switching at RF means that the communication device requires only one RF up/downconverter. Switching at RF also requires a significantly simplified interface between the communication device and the antenna apparatus. For example, the antenna apparatus provides an impedance match under all configurations of selected antenna elements, regardless of which antenna elements are selected.

Wireless MIMO antenna system 100 includes pattern shaping elements 160. Pattern shaping elements 160 in FIG. 1 extend from a printed circuit board. The pattern shaping elements may include directors and reflectors selectively connected to ground using, for example, a PIN diode. Directors may include passive elements that constrain the directional radiation pattern , for example to increase the gain . Pattern shaping elements such as directors and reflectors are generally known in the art. The reflectors and directors may be metal objects having any shape and placed near an antenna array such as an antenna antenna member pair mounted on a printed circuit board. An exemplary configuration of pattern shaping elements is discussed below with respect to FIG. 5.

Wireless MIMO antenna system 100 may also include a controller 150 coupled to the data encoder 101, the radios 120 and 121, the circuit 130, and pattern shaping elements 160 via a control bus 155. The controller 150 may include hardware (e.g., a microprocessor and logic) and/or software elements to control the operation of the wireless MIMO antenna system 100.

The controller 150 may select a particular configuration of antenna elements 140A-H that minimizes interference over the wireless link to the remote receiving device. If the wireless link experiences interference, for example due to other radio transmitting devices, or changes or disturbances in the wireless link between the wireless MIMO antenna system 100 and the remote receiving device, the controller 150 may select a different configuration of selected antenna elements 140A-H via the circuit 130 to change the resulting radiation pattern and minimize the interference. Controller 150 may also select one or more pattern shaping elements 160. For example, the controller 150 may select a configuration of selected antenna elements 140A-H and pattern shaping elements 160 corresponding to a maximum gain between the wireless system 100 and the remote receiving device. Alternatively, the controller 150 may select a configuration of selected antenna elements 140A-H and pattern shaping elements 160 corresponding to less than maximal gain, but corresponding to reduced interference in the wireless link.

Controller 150 may also transmit a data packet using a first subgroup of antenna elements 140A-H coupled to the radio 120 and simultaneously send the data packet using a second group of antenna elements 140A-H coupled to the radio 121. Controller 150 may change the substrate of antenna elements 140A-H coupled to the radios 120 and 121 on a packet-by-packet basis. Methods performed by the controller 150 with respect to a single radio having access to multiple antenna elements are further described in, for example, U.S. patent publication number US 2006-0040707 A1. These methods are also applicable to the controller 150 having control over multiple antenna elements and multiple radios.

FIG. 2 illustrates an antenna element for emitting a horizontally polarized radiation pattern for mounting on a printed circuit board. The antenna element illustrated in FIG. 2 includes a first antenna member and a second antenna member. The first antenna element includes an upper portion 210 and a lower portion 220. The second antenna element also includes an upper portion 215 and a lower portion 235. The antenna elements are connected at an RF feed point 250. When connected together, the first antenna member and second antenna member form a barrel-type shape having a slit near the middle of the structure. The antenna member pair FIG. 2 may transmit a radiation pattern having a frequency of about 5.0 GHZ in compliance with IEEE 802.11n.

The horizontally polarized antenna member pair of FIG. 2 may be mounted to the surface of a PCB. Antenna element lower portions 220 and 235 include tabs 230 and 245, respectively. The tabs are constructed to fit into a printed circuit board and may be secured via solder. Above each tab on lower portions 220 and 235 are shoulders 225 and 240, respectively. The shoulder is designed to maintain a spacing of each antenna lower portion above the printed circuit board.

An RF signal may be fed to the horizontally polarized antenna member pair of FIG. 2 via connector 250. Connector 250 is formed by bending a tab from antenna element 210 into an aperture of antenna element 215, and soldering the connection between the elements to form an antenna member pair.

FIG. 3 illustrates a vertically polarized antenna member pair for mounting on a printed circuit board. The antenna member pair of FIG. 3 includes a first antenna member 325 and a second antenna member 322. The first antenna member includes a first end 310 and a second end having two finger elements 330 and 355. The second antenna member has finger elements which are about the same as the first antenna member . The antenna members are connected together to align along their central axis with the second antenna member being upside down with respect to the first antenna member. Hence, the fingers of the second antenna element are near the first end of the first antenna member , which is the opposite end of the fingers on the first antenna member. The antenna elements are connected at an RF feed point 320. When connected together, the first antenna element and second antenna element form a antenna member pair which provides a horizontally polarized radiation pattern. The antenna member pair of FIG. 3 may transmit a radiation pattern having a frequency of about 5.0 GHZ in compliance with IEEE 802.11n.

Second antenna element member 322 includes finger elements 315 and 350. Finger elements 315 and 350 are opposite to and form a magnetic pair with finger elements 330 and 355 of first antenna element 325.

The horizontally polarized antenna member pair of FIG. 3 may be mounted to the surface of a PCB using tabs and shoulders. Antenna element 322 includes tabs 345 and 365 which may be received and soldered to a PCB. Above tabs 345 and 355 are shoulders 340 and 360, respectively. The shoulder is designed engage the surface of the PCB.

An RF signal may be fed to the vertically polarized antenna member pair of FIG. 3 via connector 320. Connector 320 is formed by bending a tab from antenna element 325 into an aperture of antenna element 322 and soldering the antenna member pair elements.

FIG. 4 illustrates a configuration of pattern shaping elements. Pattern shaping elements 410 and 440 may be mounted on a PCB 470. The printed circuit board may be manufactured from common planar substrates such as an FR4 printed circuit board (PCB).

The pattern shaping elements of the presently disclosed invention may have a variety of shapes and forms. Pattern shaping element 410 as illustrated in FIG. 4 has a symmetric shape with jagged edges on two opposing sides. Pattern shaping element 440 has a non-symmetrical shape, with one side having a more pronounced curve than the opposite side. Pattern shaping element 410 has a uniform height while pattern shaping element 440 has a non-uniform height. Pattern shaping element 410 has mounting tabs 420 and 430 and pattern shaping element 440 has mounting tabs 450 and 460 for mounting the pattern shaping element within a PCB 470.

Each of the pattern shaping elements may be selectively coupled to a ground portion of an antenna system, such as for example a ground plane in a PCB. By selecting different combinations of pattern shaping elements having different shapes and designs to use as a reflector or director, the radiation pattern emitted from one or more RF antenna elements, antenna member pairs, or a combination of elements and antenna member pairs can be shaped in many ways.

FIG. 5 illustrates a top view of a PCB having antennas and pattern shaping elements mounted to the tap of the PCB. Mounted to PCB 500 are antennas 510, 520, 530 and 540. The antennas may form antenna member pairs which operate at a radio frequency of about 5.0 GHz. The antennas may be the same type of polarization or different polarizations. For example, antennas 510 and 540 may each be implemented as a horizontally polarized antenna member pair as discussed with reference to FIG. 2 and antennas 520 and 530 may each be implemented as a vertically polarized antenna member pair as discussed with reference to FIG. 3. When configured in this manner, the arrangement of antennas provides an omnidirectional dual polarization radiation pattern at 5.0 GHz.

Each of antennas 510, 520, 530 and 540 of FIG. 5 may be associated with one or more pattern shaping elements. Antenna 510 is associated with pattern shaping elements 512, 514, 516 and 518. Each of elements 512-518 may have any shape, whether symmetrical, non-symmetrical, uniform height or non-uniform height. By selectively grounding one or more pattern shaping elements associated with a particular antenna, the radiation pattern emitted from the antenna may be changed. Pattern shaping elements 522, 524, 526, and 528 are associated with antenna 520, pattern shaping elements 532, 534, 536, and 538 are associated with antenna 530, and pattern shaping elements 542, 544, 546, and 548 are associated with antenna 540. Each of the pattern shaping elements associated with antennas 520-540 may also be any shape and form and may be selectively coupled to ground to shape a radiation pattern for an antenna.

Though the pattern shaping elements are illustrated as being associated with a particular antenna, other configurations of pattern shaping elements are possible. For example, pattern shaping elements may be positioned in the middle of the PCB 500, along a portion of or entire perimeter of PCB 500, or arranged in some other manner irrespective of antennas on the PCB.

The invention has been described herein in terms of several preferred embodiments. Other embodiments of the invention, including alternatives, modifications, permutations and equivalents of the embodiments described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification, study of the drawings, and practice of the invention. The embodiments and preferred features described above should be considered exemplary, with the invention being defined by the appended claims, which therefore include all such alternatives, modifications, permutations and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A wireless device, comprising: an antenna array including a plurality of antenna elements that generate a substantially omnidirectional radiation pattern; a plurality of pattern shaping elements; and a plurality of connecting elements, each of the plurality of connecting elements connecting one or more of the plurality of pattern shaping elements to ground, at least one of the plurality of pattern shaping elements connected to ground via a corresponding connecting element, the connection to ground causing a change in the shape of the otherwise substantially omnidirectional radiation pattern generated by the antenna array.
 2. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of a pattern shaping elements has a non-symmetrical shape.
 3. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of a pattern shaping elements includes a director.
 4. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of a pattern shaping elements includes a reflector.
 5. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein one or more of the plurality of connecting elements are mounted on an outer surface of a printed circuit board.
 6. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of connecting elements includes a tab, the tab extending into a printed circuit board.
 7. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the substantially omnidirectional radiation pattern is substantially in the plane of the horizontal antenna array
 8. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein two or more of the plurality of antenna elements are selectively coupled to a radio frequency feed port to generate a substantially omnidirectional radiation pattern.
 9. The wireless device of claim 1, further comprising a controller that selects the plurality of antenna elements that act as reflectors and directors. 